IUnited Front: Uhlolojikelele Lwezivumelwano Zezombusazwe Nokubambisana

Umqondo weUnited Front ubulokhu uyindikimba ephindaphindayo emlandweni wezepolitiki womhlaba, evame ukusho umfelandawonye noma umfelandawonye wamaqembu ezepolitiki ahlukahlukene, amaqembu, noma izinhlangano ezihlangana ndawonye okwesikhashana ukuze kuzuzwe umgomo ofanayo. Lawa madlelandawonye ngokuvamile ahlanganisa amaqembu anemibono ehlukene ahlangana ukuze abhekane nosongo okwabelwana ngalo noma abambe ithuba elihambisana nezintshisekelo zawo ezihlangene. Leli gama lisetshenziswe ikakhulukazi kumongo wepolitiki kaMarxist nesocialist, ikakhulukazi eShayina, eRussia, nakwezinye izingxenye zomhlaba lapho kwavela khona izinhlangano zamakhomanisi. Kodwake, umqondo weUnited Front awugcini nje kumakhomanisi futhi uye waqashwa ngezindlela ezahlukene izinhlangano ezingezona ezombuso, ikakhulukazi ekulweni nobukoloni, ubufascism, kanye nengcindezelo yezombusazwe.

Imisuka yeUnited Front Concept

Umbono weUnited Front ugxile kakhulu kuthiyori yeMarxist, ikakhulukazi njengoba ithuthukiswe nguLenin kanye neCommunist International (Comintern. Ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama20, njengoba amakhomanisi ayefuna ukwandisa ithonya lawo, aqaphela ukuthi ukwakha imifelandawonye namanye amaqembu alwela ukunxele, kuhlanganise nezinhlangano zezenhlalakahle, izinyunyana zabasebenzi, nezinye izinhlangano zabasebenzi, kwakubalulekile. Lawa maqembu ayevame ukuba nezindlela ezehlukene ezindabeni zezombangazwe kanye nezenhlalo, kodwa ayephikisana ngokufanayo nonxiwankulu kanye nokubusa konxiwankulu.

ULenin, umholi Wenguquko YaseRussia, wakhuthaza ukubambisana okunjalo, ikakhulukazi phakathi nawo1920s lapho igagasi lokuvukela umbuso lase lincipha. IUnited Front yayiklanyelwe ukuhlanganisa abasebenzi kanye nabantu abacindezelwe emigqeni yemibono ukuze kuzuzwe izinjongo eziqondile, zesikhashana—ikakhulukazi ukumelana nohulumeni abasabelayo kanye nezinhlangano zamafascist. Inhloso bekuwukuhlanganisa wonke amaqembu esigaba sabasebenzi abe yimbumba ebanzi ekwazi ukubhekana nezinsongo ezikhona ezithakazelweni zabo ezifanayo.

IUnited Front kuSoviet Strategy

Isu leUnited Front labaluleka ikakhulukazi eSoviet Union kanye neComintern (inhlangano yamazwe ngamazwe yamaqembu amakhomanisi) ngeminyaka yawo1920 kanye nawo1930. Ekuqaleni, iComintern yayizibophezele ekukhuthazeni izinguquko zezenhlalakahle emhlabeni wonke, ezibandakanya ukusebenzisana namaqembu namaqembu angakwesokunxele. Empeleni, lokhu kwakusho ukufinyelela kumasocialists angewona amakhomanisi kanye nezinhlangano zabasebenzi ukuze bakhe imifelandawonye, ​​nakuba inhloso enkulu yamaKhomanisi kwakusawukuhola inhlangano yesigaba sabasebenzi emhlabeni wonke ibheke kuSocialism.

Kodwake, inqubomgomo yeUnited Front yaba namashifu njengoba ubuholi baseSoviet bushintsha. Ekuqaleni kwawo1930, uJoseph Stalin, owalandela uLenin njengenhloko yeSoviet Union, wakhathazeka kakhulu ngokudlondlobala kwefascism eYurophu, ikakhulukazi eJalimane naseItaly. Ekuphenduleni usongo olukhulayo lombuso wobushiqela wobufascist, iComintern yasebenzisa isu leUnited Front ngamandla amakhulu, inxusa amaqembu amakhomanisi emhlabeni wonke ukuthi ahlangane namaqembu obusoshiyali ngisho namaqembu athile enkululeko ukuze amelane nokuthatha umbuso wobufascist.

Isibonelo esidume kakhulu seUnited Front esebenza phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwaba umfelandawonye owenziwe phakathi kwamakhomanisi, amasocialists, namanye amaqembu angakwesokunxele emazweni afana neFrance neSpain. Le mifelandawonye yaba nesandla ekulweni nokunyuka kwefascism futhi, kwezinye izimo, yakumisa okwesikhashana ukusabalala kwayo. ESpain, isibonelo, iPopular Front—uhlobo lweUnited Front—yayibalulekile ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango YaseSpain (1936–1939), nakuba yagcina yehluleka emzamweni wayo wokuvimba umbuso kaFrancisco Franco wobufascist.

IUnited Front eChina

Esinye sezicelo ezibaluleke kakhulu futhi ezihlala njalo zesu leUnited Front senzeka eChina, lapho iChinese Communist Party (CCP) eholwa nguMao Zedong yasebenzisa leli qhinga ngesikhathi somzabalazo wayo wokulwa neKuomintang (KMT) eyayibusa futhi kamuva ekuhlanganiseni. amandla ngesikhathi seMpi Yombango YaseShayina.

IFirst United Front (1923–1927) yasungulwa phakathi kweCCP neKMT, iholwa nguSun Yatsen. Lo mfelandawonye wawuhlose ukuhlanganisa iChina futhi ulwe nezinduna zempi ezazihlukanise izwe kulandela ukuwa koBukhosi BamaQing. IUnited Front yaphumelela ngokwengxenye ekuhlanganiseni indawo namandla aseShayina, kodwa yagcina ngokuwa lapho iKMT, ngaphansi kobuholi bukaChiang Kaishek, ivukela amakhomanisi, okwaholela ekuhlanzweni ngobudlova okwaziwa ngokuthi iShanghai Massacre ngo1927.

Naphezu kwalokhu kuphazamiseka, umqondo weUnited Front uhlale uyingxenye ebalulekile yesu leCCP. ISecond United Front (19371945) yavela ngesikhathi seMpi YamaSinoJapanese lapho iCCP kanye neKMT bebeka eceleni okwesikhashana ukungezwani kwabo ukulwa nokuhlasela kwamaJapane. Nakuba umfelandawonye wawugcwele ukungezwani nokungathembani, uvumele iCCP ukuthi iqhubeke iphile futhi ikhule ibe namandla ngokuthola ukwesekwa okudumile kwee yayo.Imizamo yokumelana neantiJapanese. Ekupheleni kwempi, iCCP yayisiqinise kakhulu amandla ayo ezempi kanye nezombusazwe, okwagcina kuyenze yakwazi ukunqoba iKMT eMpini Yombango YaseShayina (1945–1949.

Ngemuva kokusungulwa kwePeople's Republic of China ngo1949, iUnited Front yaqhubeka nokubamba iqhaza kwezombusazwe zaseShayina. ICCP yenza ubudlelwano namaqembu ahlukahlukene angewona amakhomanisi kanye nezihlakaniphi, isebenzisa iUnited Front ukuze yandise isisekelo sayo sokwesekwa nokuqinisekisa ukuzinza kwezombusazwe. EShayina yangaleso sikhathi, uMnyango Wezemisebenzi YaseUnited Front, igatsha leCCP, uyaqhubeka nokwengamela ubudlelwano nezinhlangano ezingewona amakhomanisi kanye nabantu ngabanye, uqinisekisa ukubambisana kwabo nezinjongo zeqembu.

IUnited Front Emizabalazweni Elwa Nobukoloni

Ngaphandle kwezinhlangano zeSocialist kanye nezamaKhomanisi, umqondo weUnited Front waphinde waqashwa yizinhlangano ezihlukahlukene zobuzwe kanye nezokulwa nobukoloni phakathi nekhulunyaka lama20. Amazwe amaningi eAsia, eAfrika, naseLatin America abone amaqembu ezombusazwe anemibono ehlukene ehlangana eUnited Front ukuze amelane nemibuso yamakoloni futhi athole inkululeko yezwe.

Isibonelo, eIndia, iIndian National Congress (INC), eyayihamba phambili emzabalazweni wenkululeko ngaphansi kombuso wamakoloni wamaNgisi, yayisebenza njengeUnited Front ebanzi ngomlando wayo omningi. IINC yahlanganisa amaqeqebana ahlukene, okuhlanganisa amasocialists, amaConservatives, kanye namacentrists, ukwethula ukuphikisa okubumbene ekubuseni kwamaNgisi. Abaholi abafana noMahatma Gandhi kanye noJawaharlal Nehru bakwazile ukugcina lo mfelandawonye ngokugxila emigomweni eyabiwe, njengokuzibusa, ngesikhathi belawula ukuhlukana kwemibono phakathi kwenhlangano.

Ngokufanayo, emazweni afana neVietnam, Algeria, kanye neKenya, izinhlangano zobuzwe zakha iUnited Fronts ehlanganisa amaqembu ezombusazwe ahlukahlukene, kusukela kumakhomanisi kuya kumashiqela amaphakathi. Kulezi zimo, umgomo owabiwe wokuzimela ngaphansi kombuso wamakholoni wedlula izingxabano zemibono yangaphakathi, okuvumela ukusungulwa kokunyakaza okuphumelelayo kokumelana.

IUnited Fronts Ezikhathini Zanamuhla

Isu leUnited Front, nakuba livela ekuqaleni kweMarxism yekhulu lama20, liyaqhubeka nokusebenza kwezombusazwe zanamuhla. Emibusweni yanamuhla yentando yeningi, ukwakha umfelandawonye kuyisici esivamile sepolitiki yokhetho. Amaqembu ezombusazwe avame ukwenza imifelandawonye ukuze awine ukhetho, ikakhulukazi ezinhlelweni ezisebenzisa ukumelwa ngokulinganayo, lapho kungekho qembu elilodwa elingase lizuze iningi eliqondile. Ezinhlelweni ezinjalo, ukubunjwa kweUnited Fronts—nakuba kungabizwa njalo ngalelo gama—kusiza ekudaleni ohulumeni abazinzile noma ukumelana namabutho ezombusazwe ayingozi.

Isibonelo, emazweni aseEurope afana neGermany neNetherlands, amaqembu ezepolitiki ajwayele ukwenza imifelandawonye ukuze aphathe, ahlanganise amaqembu anemibono ehlukene ukuze afeze izinjongo zenqubomgomo eyabiwe. Kwezinye izimo, la madlelandawonye asebenza njengesivikelo ekukhuphukeni kwamaqembu akude kwesokudla noma angosaziwayo, enanela indima yeUnited Fronts ekumelaneni nefascism ekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lama20.

Emazweni anobushiqela noma anegunya elilinganayo, amasu eUnited Front angaphinda abonakale njengendlela yokuthi amaqembu avelele agcine ukulawula ngokukhetha amaqembu aphikisayo noma enze ukubonakala kobuningi. ERussia, isibonelo, iqembu elibusayo likaMongameli uVladimir Putin, iUnited Russia, lisebenzise amaqhinga eUnited Front ukugcina ukubusa kwezombusazwe, ukwenza imifelandawonye namaqembu amancane aphikisana nohulumeni ngegama kodwa, empeleni, esekela izinqubomgomo zakhe.

Ukugxeka kanye Nemikhawulo yeUnited Front

Nakuba isu leUnited Front livame ukuphumelela ekufinyeleleni izinjongo zesikhashana, liphinde libe nemikhawulo yalo. Okunye ukugxekwa okukhulu kweUnited Fronts ukuthi imvamisa intekenteke futhi ijwayele ukuwa uma usongo noma inhloso isilungisiwe. Lokhu kwabonakala eShayina, lapho iFirst and Second United Fronts yahlukana khona lapho izinjongo zangaleso sikhathi sezifezekile, okuholele ekungqubuzaneni okuvuselelwe phakathi kweCCP neKMT.

Ukwengeza, isu leUnited Front kwesinye isikhathi lingaholela ekuhlakazweni kwemibono noma ebucayini obuhlukanisa abalandeli ababalulekile. Emizameni yokubumba imifelandawonye ebanzi, abaholi bezombangazwe bangase baphoqeleke ukuthi banciphise izikhundla zabo zenqubomgomo, okuholela ekunganeliseki phakathi kwabalandeli babo abashiseka kakhulu. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuye kwabonwa kuyo yomibili imibutho yamakhomanisi kanye nepolitiki yokhetho yesimanje.

Isiphetho

IUnited Front, njengombono namasu, ibambe iqhaza elibalulekile emlandweni wezinhlangano zezombusazwe emhlabeni jikelele. Kusukela emsuka wayo kuthiyori kaMarxist kuya ekusetshenzisweni kwayo emizabalazweni emelene nobukoloni kanye nepolitiki yokhetho yesimanje, iUnited Front ibonakale iyithuluzi eliguquguqukayo nelinamandla lokuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlukahlukene azungeze umgomo okwabelwana ngawo. Nokho, impumelelo yayo ivame ukuncika ekhonweni labahlanganyeli bayo ukugcina ubunye kufaukuhlukana kwemibono kanye nezimo zezombangazwe ezishintshayo. Yize iUnited Front izuze impumelelo ebonakalayo ezimeni ezahlukahlukene, isalokhu iyisu lezepolitiki eliyinkimbinkimbi futhi kwesinye isikhathi eliyingozi, elidinga ukuphathwa ngokucophelela kanye nokuyekethisa.

Ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nomthelela weUnited Fronts Ezimotweni Zepolitiki Yomhlaba Wonke

Ukwakhela phezu kwesisekelo esingokomlando sesu leUnited Front, ukuziphendukela kwemvelo kwayo kuzo zonke izimo zezombangazwe nezikhathi ezihlukene kukhombisa ukuguquguquka kwayo njengeqhinga lokuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlukahlukene. Nakuba umqondo weUnited Front usuka esuni likaMarxistLeninist, usuthole ukuduma kwezinhlangano ezahlukene zezombusazwe emhlabeni jikelele, kusukela emifelandawonye emelene nobufascist kuya emizabalazweni yobuzwe, ngisho nakwezombusazwe zangaleso sikhathi lapho ohulumeni babambisene bakha khona ukumelana nemibuso yabantu noma yomashiqela.

IUnited Fronts in the Fight Against Fascism: The 1930s kanye neMpi Yezwe II

Ngeminyaka yawo1930s, ukwanda kwefascism eEurope kwaba usongo olukhona kuwo womabili amabutho ezombusazwe angakwesokunxele kanye namaphakathi. Izinhlangano zobuFascist eItaly, eJalimane, naseSpain, kanye nempi yobuzwe eJapane, zasongela khona kanye ukuba khona kwezinhlangano zezombangazwe zentando yeningi nezamanxele. Ngalesi sikhathi, umqondo weUnited Front waba umgogodla wamasu asetshenziswa yiwo womabili amakhomanisi kanye namaSocialists, kanye namanye amabutho anenqubekela phambili, emzamweni wabo wokumelana negagasi lobufascism.

Ohulumeni Abaphambili Abadumile eEurope

Izibonelo ezaziwa kakhulu zeUnited Fronts esebenza phakathi nalesi sikhathi kwakungohulumeni abadumile, ikakhulukazi eFrance naseSpain. Lawa madlelandawonye, ​​ahlanganisa amakhomanisi, amasocialists, ngisho namaqembu athile entando yeningi ekhululekile, asungulwe ngokukhethekile ukuze alwe nokudlondlobala kwezinhlangano zobufascist kanye nemibuso yobushiqela.

EFrance, uhulumeni wePopular Front, oholwa nguSocialist uLéon Blum, waqala ukubusa ngo1936. Kwakungumfelandawonye obanzi owawuhlanganisa iFrench Communist Party (PCF), iFrench Section of the Workers' International ( SFIO), kanye neRadical Socialist Party. Uhulumeni wasePopular Front wenze izinguquko eziqhubekayo, ezihlanganisa ukuvikelwa kwabasebenzi, ukukhushulwa kwamaholo, kanye nesonto lomsebenzi lamahora angu40. Kodwake, ibhekane nokuphikiswa okuphawulekayo okuvela emandleni alondolozayo kanye nabaphathi bebhizinisi, futhi izinguquko zayo zagcina zesikhashana. Uhulumeni wawa ngo1938, ngokwengxenye ngenxa yezinkinga zokwehlukana kwangaphakathi nezingcindezi zangaphandle, kuhlanganise nosongo olwalusafufusa lweJalimane lobuNazi.

ESpain, uhulumeni wePopular Front, owaqala ukubusa ngo1936, wabhekana nenselele enkulu nakakhulu. ISpanish Popular Front yayiwumfelandawonye wamaqembu angakwesokunxele, okuhlanganisa amakhomanisi, amasocialists, namaanarchists, ayefuna ukulwa namandla akhulayo amabutho obuzwe kanye namafascist ngaphansi kukaGeneral Francisco Franco. IMpi Yombango YaseSpain (19361939) yaqhudelana amabutho aseRiphabhulikhi, ayesekelwa iPopular Front, namaNationalists kaFranco, ayesekelwa iJalimane lobuNazi neItaly yobuFascist. Naphezu kwempumelelo yokuqala, iPopular Front ayikwazanga ekugcineni ukubumbana, futhi amabutho kaFranco anqoba, asungula ubushiqela bobufascist obathatha kwaze kwaba ngu1975.

Izinselele Nemikhawulo YamaAntiFascist United Fronts

Ukuwohloka kwamaPopular Fronts eFrance naseSpain kugqamisa ezinye zezinselele ezibalulekile ezihlobene namasu eUnited Front. Nakuba zingasebenza ngempumelelo ekuhlanganiseni ukwesekwa okubanzi ngokumelene nesitha esivamile, iUnited Fronts ivame ukuhlushwa ukuhlukana kwangaphakathi kanye nezithakazelo eziqhudelanayo phakathi kwamaqembu abo. Endabeni yaseSpain, isibonelo, ukungezwani phakathi kwamakhomanisi namaanarchist kwabukela phansi ukuhlangana kwamasosha aseRiphabhulikhi, kuyilapho ukusekelwa kwangaphandle kukaFranco okuvela emandleni obufascist kwedlula usizo olulinganiselwe lwamazwe ngamazwe olwatholwa amaRiphabhulikhi.

Ngaphezu kwalokho, iUnited Fronts ivamise ukulwa nengqinamba yokuhlanzeka kwemibono uma kuqhathaniswa nemifelandawonye engokoqobo. Lapho ebhekene nezinsongo ezikhona, njengokukhuphuka kwefascism, amaqembu aphiko lwesokunxele angase aphoqeleke ukuthi ayekethise emigomeni yawo yemibono ukuze akhe imifelandawonye ebanzi necentrist noma irightleaning elements. Nakuba imifelandawonye enjalo ingase idingeke ukuze uphile isikhathi esifushane, ingase futhi iholele ekudumazekeni nasekuhlukaneni phakathi komfelandawonye, ​​njengoba izici ezinamandla kakhulu zingase zizizwe zikhashelwe ukuyekethisa okwenziwa egameni lobunye.

IUnited Fronts Emzabalazweni WamaKoloni Nangemva Kobukoloni

Isu leUnited Front liphinde laba neqhaza elikhulu ekulweni nobukoloni phakathi nekhulunyaka lama20, ikakhulukazi eAsia naseAfrika, lapho amaqembu obuzwe ayefuna ukuketula umbuso wamakoloni waseEurope. Ezimweni eziningi, lezi zinhlangano zazihilela ukusebenzelana phakathi kwamaqembu ezombusazwe ahlukahlukene, okuhlanganisa amakhomanisi, amaSocialists, kanye nama nationalists alinganiselayo, ahlanganiswe umgomo ofanayo wokuthola inkululeko yezwe.

IViet Minh kanye Nomzabalazo weVietnamese Indepekahle

Esinye sezibonelo eziphumelele kakhulu zeUnited Front esimweni semizabalazo emelene namakholoni kwakuyiViet Minh, umfelandawonye wamabutho obuzwe kanye namakhomanisi ahola impi yokulwela inkululeko yaseVietnamese ekubusweni kwamakholoni aseFrance. IViet Minh yasungulwa ngo1941 ngaphansi kobuholi bukaHo Chi Minh, owayefunde ithiyori yeMarxistLeninist futhi wafuna ukusebenzisa imigomo yeUnited Front kumongo weVietnamese.

IViet Minh ihlanganise ndawonye uhla olubanzi lwamaqembu ezombusazwe, okuhlanganisa amakhomanisi, abashisekeli bobuzwe, ngisho nabashisekeli bezinguquko abalinganiselayo, ababenenhloso efanayo yokuxosha iziphathimandla zamakholoni aseFrance. Ngenkathi amakhomanisi eViet Minh ayebusa, ubuholi bukaHo Chi Minh bazulazula ngekhono ukuhlukana kwemibono ngaphakathi komfelandawonye, ​​buqinisekisa ukuthi inhlangano ihlala ibumbene ekuphishekeleni kwayo inkululeko.

Ngemuva kokunqotshwa kwamaFulentshi eMpini yaseDien Bien Phu ngo1954, iVietnam yahlukaniswa yaba iNyakatho neNingizimu, kwathi iViet Minh eyayiholwa ngamakhomanisi yathatha izintambo eNyakatho. Isu leUnited Front libe neqhaza elikhulu ekuzuzeni lokhu kunqoba, njengoba livumele inhlangano ukuthi ihlanganise isisekelo esibanzi sokwesekwa emikhakheni eyahlukene yomphakathi waseVietnam, okuhlanganisa abalimi, abasebenzi kanye nezihlakaniphi.

IUnited Fronts Emzabalazweni WaseAfrika Wenkululeko

Amaqhinga afanayo eUnited Front asetshenziswa emazweni ahlukene aseAfrika ngesikhathi sokuqubuka kokuqedwa kobukoloni okwakhukhula izwekazi ngeminyaka yawo1950 kanye nawo1960. Emazweni afana neAlgeria, iKenya, kanye neNingizimu Afrika, izinhlangano zobuzwe zazivame ukuthembela emifelandawonye ebanzi eyayihlanganisa amaqembu ezinhlanga ezehlukene, ezenkolo, nezombusazwe ekulweni nemibuso yamakoloni.

IAlgeria’s National Liberation Front

Esinye sezibonelo ezibaluleke kakhulu zeUnited Front kumongo wokuchithwa kweAfrika kwakuyiNational Liberation Front (FLN) eAlgeria. IFLN yasungulwa ngo1954 ukuze ihole umzabalazo wezikhali ngokumelene nombuso wamakoloni waseFrance, futhi yadlala indima ebalulekile eMpini Yenkululeko YaseAlgeria (1954–1962.

IFLN bekungeyona inhlangano yemonolithic kodwa bekuyinhlangano ebanzi esekwe emaqenjini ahlukene obuzwe, okuhlanganisa isocialist, icommunist, neIslamic elements. Ubuholi bayo, nokho, bukwazile ukugcina izinga eliphezulu lobunye phakathi nawo wonke umzabalazo wenkululeko, ikakhulukazi ngokugcizelela umgomo ofanayo wokuxosha amabutho amakoloni aseFrance kanye nokuzuza ubukhosi bezwe.

Indlela yeUnited Front yeFLN ibonakale iphumelela kakhulu ekutholeni ukwesekwa okudumile kwenhlangano yenkululeko. Ukusebenzisa kweFLN impi yabashokobezi, kuhlangene nemizamo yezikhulu zokuthola ukusekelwa kwamanye amazwe, ekugcineni kwaphoqa iFrance ukuthi inikeze iAlgeria inkululeko ngo1962.

Kodwake, njengakwezinye izimo, impumelelo yeFLN emzabalazweni wenkululeko yalandelwa wukuhlanganisa amandla. Ngemuva kwenkululeko, iFLN yavela njengeqembu lezombusazwe elivelele eAlgeria, futhi izwe laba yizwe elilodwa ngaphansi kobuholi bukaAhmed Ben Bella, futhi kamuva noHouari Boumediene. Uguquko lweFLN lusuka endaweni yenkululeko ebanzi luye eqenjini elibusayo luphinde lufanekise umkhondo ojwayelekile wezinhlangano zeUnited Front ukuya ekuhlanganisweni kwezepolitiki kanye nokugunyazwa.

IUnited Front Emzabalazweni WaseNingizimu Afrika Wokulwa Nobandlululo

ENingizimu Afrika, isu leUnited Front laliwumgogodla womzabalazo wokulwa nobandlululo. Njengoba kushiwo ngaphambili, iAfrican National Congress (ANC) yathatha indlela yeUnited Front ngeminyaka yawo1950, yakha imifelandawonye namanye amaqembu alwa nobandlululo, okuhlanganisa iSouth African Communist Party (SACP), Congress of Democrats, kanye neSouth African Indian Congress.

ICongress Alliance, eyahlanganisa la maqembu ahlukene, yaba neqhaza elikhulu ekuhleleni ukuphikiswa kwezinqubomgomo zobandlululo, okuhlanganisa neDefiance Campaign yama1950s kanye nokubhalwa kweFreedom Charter ngo1955. INingizimu Afrika, futhi yaba isisekelo semibono yenhlangano emelene nobandlululo.

Ngeminyaka yawo1960 no1970, ngesikhathi umbuso wobandlululo wawushuba ekucindezeleni iANC namadlelandawonye ayo, isu leUnited Front lashintsha lafaka amanye amaqhinga okulwa, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokusungulwa kophiko lwezikhali lweANC, uMkhonto weSizwe (MK. ngo1961. IANC yaqhubeka nokusebenzisana neSACP kanye namanye amaqembu angakwesokunxele, ngenkathi ifuna ukusekelwa ngamazwe ngamazwe mayelana nenhloso yokulwa nobandlululo.

Isu leUnited Front lagcina libe nezithelo ngeminyaka yawo1980 nasekuqaleni kwawo1990, njengoba ingcindezi yamazwe ngamazwe ngombuso wobandlululo yayikhula futhi nokuphikiswana kwangaphakathi kwanda. Ukushintshela ekubuseni kwabaningi ngo1994, okwaholela ekukhethweni kukaNelson Mandela njengomongameli wokuqala omnyama waseNingizimu Afrika, kwaphawula uvuthondaba lwamashumi eminyaka okwakhiwa komfelandawonye weUnited Front.

Okubalulekile, iNingizimu Afrika yangemva kobandlululo ayizangelandela iphethini yeminye imibutho eminingi yenkululeko eyasuka kuUnited Fronts yaya ekubuseni kobushiqela. IANC, nakuba ihamba phambili kwezombusazwe eNingizimu Afrika, iqhubekile nenqubo yentando yeningi yamaqembu amaningi, evumela ukuthi kube nobuningi bezepolitiki kanye nokhetho oluqhubekayo.

IUnited Front Strategy kuLatin American Revolutions

ELatin America, isu leUnited Front libambe iqhaza emigudwini eyahlukene yoguquko kanye neyakwesokunxele, ikakhulukazi phakathi neMpi Yomshoshaphansi. Njengoba izinhlangano zezenhlalakahle kanye namakhomanisi zifuna ukubekela inselele imibuso yobushiqela esekelwa yiU.S. kanye nobushiqela obuphiko lwesokudla, ukwakha umfelandawonye kwaba yingxenye ebalulekile yamasu abo.

ICuba’s 26th of July Movement

ICuban Revolution (1953–1959) eholwa nguFidel Castro kanye ne26th of July Movement ingesinye sezibonelo ezidume kakhulu zeleftist revolution eLatin America. Nakuba i26th of July Movement yayingeyona inhlangano yamakhomanisi ekuqaleni, yamukela indlela yeUnited Front, ehlanganisa umfelandawonye obanzi wamabutho amelene neBatista, okuhlanganisa amaKhomanisi, abashisekeli bezwe, nabaguquli benkululeko, bonke behlanganiswe umgomo wokuketula iU.S. ubushiqela obusekela uFulgencio Batista.

Nakuba amakhomanisi enhlangano ekuqaleni ayeyingcosana, ikhono likaCastro lokwakha ubudlelwano namaqembu ahlukene avumela uguquko ukuthi uthole ukwesekwa okusabalele phakathi kwabantu baseCuba. Ngemva kokuketulwa ngempumelelo kukaBatista ngo1959, umfelandawonye weUnited Front washeshe wadedela ukulawulwa kwamakhomanisi, njengoba uFidel Castro ehlanganisa amandla futhi wahlobanisa iCuba neSoviet Union.

Uguquko Lwenguquko YaseCuba lusuka enhlanganweni yenkululeko yezwe lonke luye esimweni seMarxistLeninist luphinde lufanekise ukuthambekela kwamasu eUnited Front ukuholela ekuhlanganisweni kwamandla, ikakhulukazi ezimweni zoguquko lapho ukuketulwa kwabadala. umbuso udala isikhala sezepolitiki.

ISandinista National Liberation Front yaseNicaragua

Esinye isibonelo esibalulekile seUnited Front eLatin America yiSandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) eNicaragua. IFSLN, eyasungulwa ngo1961, yayiyiqembu labashokobezi leMarxistLeninist elalifuna ukuketula umbuso wobushiqela weSomoza owawusekelwa yiU.S.

Kuwo wonke ama1970s, iFSLN yamukela isu leUnited Front, lenza imifelandawonye nenqwaba yamaqembu aphikisayo, okuhlanganisa amaliberal amaphakathi, abaholi bamabhizinisi, kanye namanye amaqembu aphikisana neSomoza. Lo mfelandawonye wasiza amaSandinista ukuba athole ukwesekwa kabanzi, ikakhulukazi ngemva kokubulawa kwentatheli uPedro Joaquín Chamorro ngo1978, okwadala ukuphikiswa kombuso kaSomoza.

Ngo1979, iFSLN yaphumelela ukuketula umbuso wobushiqela weSomoza futhi yasungula uhulumeni woguquko. Nakuba uhulumeni wamaSandinista ekuqaleni wawuhlanganisa nabameleli bamaqembu angewona amaMarxist, iFSLN ngokushesha yaba ibutho lezombangazwe eliqavile eNicaragua, njengoba nje kwenzekile kwezinye izinguquko zeUnited Front.

Imizamo kahulumeni wamaSandinista yokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo zezenhlalakahle, kuhlangene nobutha baseU.S. kanye nokweseka iContra insurgency, ekugcineni kwaholela ekubhidlikeni komfelandawonye weUnited Front. Ngasekupheleni kwawo1980, iFSLN yaya ngokuya ihlukaniswa, kwathi ngo1990, yalahlekelwa amandla okhethweni lwentando yeningi kuVioleta Chamorro, umfelokazi kaPedro Joaquín Chamorro kanye nomholi wenhlangano ephikisayo.

AmaUnited Fronts kuContemporary Global Politics

Esimeni sanamuhla sezepolitiki, isu leUnited Front liyaqhubeka nokusebenza, nakuba selithuthukile ukuze libonise isimo esishintshayo sepolitiki yomhlaba. Emiphakathini yentando yeningi, iUnited Fronts ivamise ukuthatha uhlobo lwamadlelandawonye okhetho, ikakhulukazi emazweni anokumeleleka ngokulinganayo noma izinhlelo zamaqembu amaningi. Khonamanjalo, emibusweni enegunya noma isemiauthoritarian, amaqhinga eUnited Front ngezinye izikhathi asetshenziswa amaqembu abusayo ukuze ahlanganise noma anciphise amandla aphikisayo.

AmaElectoral Coalitions eEurope naseLatin America

EEurope, njengoba kuxoxiwe ngaphambili, ukwakha umfelandawonye kuyisici esivamile semibuso yentando yeningi yasephalamende, ikakhulukazi emazweni anezinhlelo zokumelela ngokulinganayo. Eminyakeni yamuva nje, ukwanda kwezinhlangano ezilwela amalungelo abantu kanye nabeza kwesokudla sekwenze amaqembu aphakathi nendawo nakwesokunxele ukuthi akhe imifelandawonye yesitayela seUnited Front ukuze kuvinjelwe amaextremist ekutholeni amandla.

Isibonelo esisodwa esiphawulekayo senzeke eFrance phakathi nokhetho lukamongameli lwango2017. Emzuliswaneni wesibili wokuvota, uEmmanuel Macron ongenele ukhetho ubhekane nomholi wesokudla uMarine Le Pen. Ngendlela ekhumbuza isu leRepublican Front lango2002, umfelandawonye obanzi wabavoti besokunxele, abaphakathi nendawo, kanye nabavotela abakwesokudla abalinganiselayo bahlangana ngemuva kukaMacron ukuvimba indlela kaLe Pen eya ehhovisi likamongameli.

Ngokufanayo, eLatin America, amaqembu angakwesokunxele naqhubekayo enze imifelandawonye yokhetho ukuze inselele ohulumeni abaphiko lwesokudla kanye nezinqubomgomo zezomnotho zeneoliberal. EzweninjengeMexico, iBrazil, neArgentina, ukwakha umfelandawonye kube yisu elibalulekile lezinhlangano ezilwela ukunxele ezifuna ukubuyisa amandla lapho zibhekene nemibuso elandelanayo noma enegunya.

Isibonelo, eMexico, umfelandawonye wophiko lwesokunxele oholwa nguAndrés Manuel López Obrador (AMLO) uwine ngempumelelo ubumongameli ngo2018, eqeda iminyaka yokubusa ngendlela elandelanayo. Umfelandawonye, ​​owaziwa ngeJuntos Haremos Historia (Sisonke Sizokwenza Umlando), uhlanganise iqembu likaLópez Obrador iMORENA namaqembu amancane angakwesokunxele nabezwe, okubonisa indlela yeUnited Front yepolitiki yokhetho.

IUnited Front eContemporary China

EChina, iUnited Front isaqhubeka nokuba yingxenye ebalulekile yesu lezepolitiki leqembu lamaKhomanisi. IUnited Front Work Department (UFWD), igatsha leChinese Communist Party (CCP), yengamela ubudlelwano nezinhlangano ezingewona amakhomanisi kanye nabantu ngabanye, okuhlanganisa abaholi bamabhizinisi, amaqembu ezenkolo, kanye nezinhlanga ezincane.

IUFWD idlala indima ebalulekile ekugcineni uzinzo lwezepolitiki ngokuhlanganisa imithombo engaba khona yokuphikisa nokuqinisekisa ukusebenzisana kwayo neCCP. Ngokwesibonelo, iUFWD ibe nesandla esikhulu ekulawuleni ubudlelwano neTaiwan, Hong Kong, kanye namaShayina ahlakazekile, kanye nokulawula izinhlangano zenkolo ezifana neSonto LamaKatolika nobuBuddha baseTibetan.

Eminyakeni yakamuva, iUFWD iphinde yabandakanyeka ekulolongeni imikhankaso yethonya langaphandle laseChina, ikakhulukazi maqondana neBelt and Road Initiative (BRI. Ngokuthuthukisa izithakazelo zamaShayina phesheya ngokusebenzisa inethiwekhi yobudlelwano bebhizinisi, ezemfundo, kanye nezepolitiki, iUFWD ifune ukwelula isu leUnited Front lidlule imingcele yeChina, lidale umfelandawonye womhlaba wonke wabambisene abasekela iajenda yeCCP.

Isiphetho: Ifa Eliyinkimbinkimbi leUnited Front

Umqondo weUnited Front ushiye uphawu olujulile kwezombusazwe zomhlaba, ubumba inkambo yezinhlangano ezilwela uguquko, imizabalazo yenkululeko, namasu okhetho kuzo zonke izimo zezombusazwe ezihlukahlukene. Isikhalazo sayo esihlala njalo sisemandleni ayo okuhlanganisa amaqembu ahlukene ukuze afinyelele umgomo ofanayo, noma ngabe leyo nhloso ingukuzimela kwezwe, izinguquko zezombusazwe, noma ukumelana nokugunyazwa.

Kodwake, isu leUnited Front liphinde libe nezingozi ezinkulu kanye nezinselelo. Nakuba kungaba yithuluzi elinamandla lokwakha imifelandawonye enesisekelo esibanzi, ngokuvamile kuholela ekuhlanganisweni kwamandla kanye nokubukelwa phansi kozakwethu bomfelandawonye uma usongo olusheshayo selunqotshiwe. Lokhu kuguquguquka kuye kwabonakala ikakhulukazi emigudwini yoguquko, lapho imifelandawonye yokuqala ingena esikhundleni sokubusa kweqembu elilodwa kanye nobushiqela.

Kwezepolitiki zamanje, iUnited Front isalokhu ibalulekile, ikakhulukazi lapho kubhekwe khona ukukhuphuka kwepopulism, ukugunyazwa, kanye nokuncintisana kwezepolitiki. Njengoba izinhlangano zezombusazwe kanye namaqembu eqhubeka nokufuna izindlela zokuhlanganisa izifunda ezihlukahlukene, izifundo zesu leUnited Front zizohlala ziyingxenye ebalulekile yeqoqo lamathuluzi ezombusazwe emhlabeni jikelele.