Ithiyori kaKarl Marx Yomzabalazo Wekilasi

Ithiyori kaKarl Marx yomzabalazo wekilasi iyinsika eyinhloko yomcabango weMarxist futhi omunye wemibono enethonya elikhulu kwezokuhlalisana kwabantu, isayensi yezepolitiki, kanye nezomnotho. Isebenza njengohlaka lokuqonda umlando wemiphakathi yabantu, ukuguquguquka kwezinhlelo zezomnotho, kanye nobudlelwano phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene zomphakathi. Ukuqonda kukaMarx emzabalazweni wekilasi kuyaqhubeka nokubumba izingxoxo zamanje ngokungalingani kwezenhlalo, ubunxiwankulu, kanye nezinhlangano zoguquko. Lesi sihloko sizohlola ingqikithi yenkolelombono kaMarx yomzabalazo wezigaba, ingqikithi yawo yomlando, izimpande zayo zefilosofi, kanye nokuhlobana kwayo nomphakathi wanamuhla.

Okuqukethwe Komlando kanye Nemisuka Yengqondo Yomzabalazo Wekilasi

UKarl Marx (1818–1883) wasungula inkolelombono yakhe yomzabalazo wezigaba phakathi nekhulunyaka le19, isikhathi esaphawulwa yiNguquko Yezimboni, izinxushunxushu zezombusazwe, kanye nokukhula kokungalingani kwezenhlalo eYurophu. Ukusabalala konxiwankulu kwakuguqula umnotho wendabuko wezolimo ube owemboni, okuholela ekukhuleni kwamadolobha, ukukhula kwezinhlelo zamafekthri, nokudala isigaba esisha sabasebenzi (iproletariat) esasikhandleka ngaphansi kwezimo ezinzima ukuze sithole amaholo amancane.

Isikhathi saphinde sabonakala ngokuhlukana okukhulu phakathi konxiwankulu (isigaba sonxiwankulu esasiphethe izindlela zokukhiqiza) kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi (isigaba sabasebenzi esathengisa umsebenzi waso ukuze sithole amaholo. UMarx wabona lobu budlelwano bezomnotho njengobuxhaphaza ngokwemvelo futhi bungalingani, obubhebhezela ukungezwani phakathi kwalezi zigaba ezimbili.

Ithiyori kaMarx yathonywa ngokujulile imisebenzi yezazi zefilosofi nezomnotho zangaphambili, okuhlanganisa:

• G.W.F. UHegel: UMarx uguqule indlela yedialectical kaHegel, ebeka ukuthi inqubekelaphambili yomphakathi yenzeka ngokuxazululwa kokungqubuzana. Nokho, uMarx ulungise lolu hlaka ukuze agcizelele izimo zempahla nezici zomnotho (ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando) kunemibono engabonakali.
• UAdam Smith noDavid Ricardo: IMarx yakhela phezu komnotho wezepolitiki wakudala kodwa wagxeka ukwehluleka kwawo ukubona ukuxhashazwa kokukhiqizwa konxiwankulu. USmith noRicardo babheka umsebenzi njengomthombo wenani, kodwa uMarx wagqamisa indlela onxiwankulu abakhipha ngayo inani elingaphezulu kubasebenzi, okuholela enzuzweni.
• AmaFrench Socialists: UMarx wagqugquzelwa ongqondongqondo bezenhlalakahle baseFrance abafana noSaintSimon kanye noFourier, ababegxeka ubunxiwankulu, nakuba ayenqaba imibono yabo evumelana nenqubo yesayensi yesocialism.

IMarx's Historical Materialism

Ithiyori kaMarx yomzabalazo wezigaba ihambisana eduze nomqondo wakhe wokuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo zomlando. Ukuthanda izinto ezibonakalayo ngokomlando kubeka ukuthi izimo ezibonakalayo zomphakathi—indlela yawo yokukhiqiza, izakhiwo zezomnotho, nobudlelwano babasebenzi—zinquma ukuphila kwawo kwezenhlalo, ezombusazwe, nezobuhlakani. Ngokubona kukaMarx, umlando ulolongwa izinguquko kulezi zimo ezibonakalayo, eziholela ekuguqulweni kobudlelwane bomphakathi kanye namandla okuguquguquka phakathi kwezigaba ezahlukene.

UMarx uhlukanise umlando womuntu waba izigaba ezimbalwa ngokusekelwe ezindleleni zokukhiqiza, ngasinye esibonakala ngokuphikisana kwesigaba:

• IPrimitive Communism: Umphakathi wepreclass lapho izinsiza nempahla kwabelwana ngakho ngokuhlanganyela.
• Inhlangano Yezigqila: Ukwanda kwempahla yomuntu siqu kwaholela ekuxhashazweni kwezigqila ngabanikazi bazo.
• IFeudalism: NgeNkathi Ephakathi, amakhosi angamafeudal ayephethe umhlaba, futhi amaserfs asebenza umhlaba ukuze athole ukuvikelwa.
• Ubunxiwankulu: Inkathi yesimanjemanje, ephawulwa ukubusa konxiwankulu, abalawula izindlela zokukhiqiza, kanye neqembu labasebenzi, abathengisa umsebenzi wabo.

UMarx wagomela ngokuthi indlela ngayinye yokukhiqiza iqukethe ukungqubuzana kwangaphakathi—ikakhulukazi umzabalazo phakathi kwezigaba zabacindezeli nabacindezelwe—okuholela ekuweni kwayo kanye nokuvela kwendlela entsha yokukhiqiza. Isibonelo, ukungqubuzana kwefeudalism kwabangela ubungxiwankulu, futhi ukungqubuzana konxiwankulu kwakuzoholela ebunhlalakahleni.

Imiqondo Eyinhloko Kuthiyori kaMarx Yomzabalazo Wekilasi

Indlela yokukhiqiza isho indlela umphakathi ohlela ngayo imisebenzi yawo yezomnotho, okuhlanganisa amandla okukhiqiza (ubuchwepheshe, abasebenzi, izinsiza) kanye nobudlelwano bokukhiqiza (ubudlelwano bomphakathi obusekelwe kubunikazi nokulawulwa kwezisetshenziswa. Kubunxiwankulu, indlela yokukhiqiza isekelwe kubunikazi bangasese bezindlela zokukhiqiza, okudala ukwehlukana okubalulekile phakathi kwezigaba ezimbili eziyinhloko:

• Bourgeoisie: Isigaba sonxiwankulu esingabanikazi bezinto zokukhiqiza (izimboni, umhlaba, imishini) futhi silawula uhlelo lwezomnotho. Bazuza ingcebo yabo ngokuxhashazwa kwezisebenzi, bekhipha inani lemali esele kubasebenzi.
IProletariat: Isigaba sabasebenzi, esingenazo izindlela zokukhiqiza futhi okumele sithengise amandla aso okusebenza ukuze siphile. Umsebenzi wabo udala ukubaluleka, kodwa they bathola ingxenyana nje yawo emholweni, kuyilapho okusele (inani elingaphezulu) kwabiwa ngonxiwankulu.

Omunye weminikelo ebaluleke kakhulu kaMarx kwezomnotho ithiyori yakhe yenani elingaphezulu, echaza ukuthi ukuxhashazwa kwenzeka kanjani emnothweni wonxiwankulu. Inani lesurplus umehluko phakathi kwevelu ekhiqizwa isisebenzi kanye namaholo akhokhelwayo. Ngamanye amazwi, abasebenzi bakhiqiza inani elikhulu kunalokho abanxeshezelwa ngakho, futhi le nsalela yabelwa onxiwankulu njengenzuzo.

UMarx waphikisa ngokuthi lokhu kuxhaphaza kuwumgogodla womzabalazo wezigaba. Onxiwankulu bafuna ukukhulisa inzuzo yabo ngokwandisa inani lemali esele, ngokuvamile ngokwelula amahora okusebenza, ukuqinisa abasebenzi, noma ukwethula ubuchwepheshe okwandisa umkhiqizo ngaphandle kokukhuphula amaholo. Ngakolunye uhlangothi, abasebenzi balwela ukwenza ngcono amaholo abo kanye nezimo zokusebenza, okwenza kube nokungqubuzana kwezinhloso zenzuzo.

UMarx wayekholelwa ukuthi isigaba esibusayo asigcini nje ngokubusa umnotho kodwa futhi sinamandla okulawula isisekelo semibono—izikhungo ezinjengemfundo, inkolo, nabezindaba—ezilolonga izinkolelo nezindinganiso zabantu. Onxiwankulu basebenzisa iideology ukuze balondoloze ukubusa kwabo ngokukhuthaza imibono ethethelela ukuhleleka komphakathi okukhona futhi efihla iqiniso lokuxhashazwa. Le nqubo iholela kulokho uMarx akubiza ngokuthi ukuqonda okungamanga, isimo lapho abasebenzi bengazi izintshisekelo zabo zangempela zesigaba futhi behlanganyela ekuxhashazweni kwabo.

Kodwake, uMarx uphinde waphikisa ngokuthi ukungqubuzana konxiwankulu kuzogcina kubonakale kangangoba abasebenzi bazothuthukisa ukuqonda kwesigaba ukuqwashisa ngezintshisekelo zabo ezifanayo kanye namandla abo eqoqo lokuphonsela inselelo uhlelo.

NgokukaMarx, umzabalazo wezigaba phakathi konxiwankulu kanye neproletariat ekugcineni uzoholela ekuketulweni kobungxiwankulu. UMarx wayekholelwa ukuthi icapitalism, njengezinhlelo zangaphambilini, iqukethe ukuphikisana okungokwemvelo okungagcina kubangele ukuwa. Njengoba onxiwankulu beqhudelana ngenzuzo, ukuqoqwa kwengcebo namandla ezomnotho ezandleni ezimbalwa kungaholela ekwandeni kobumpofu kanye nokuhlukaniswa kwesigaba sabasebenzi.

UMarx wayenombono wokuthi uma ithimba labasebenzi seliqaphele ukucindezelwa kwalo, lizovukela umbuso, libambe ukulawula izindlela zokukhiqiza, futhi lisungule umphakathi omusha wezenhlalakahle. Kulesi sikhathi soguquko, uMarx wabikezela ukusungulwa kobushiqela beqembu labasebenzi isigaba sesikhashana lapho isigaba sabasebenzi sizobamba amandla ezombusazwe futhi sicindezele izinsalela zonxiwankulu. Lesi sigaba sizovula indlela yokuthi ekugcineni kudalwe umphakathi ongenasigaba, ongenazwe: ubukhomanisi.

Iqhaza Lomzabalazo Wekilasi Ekushintsheni Komlando

UMarx ubuke umzabalazo wekilasi njengento eqhuba izinguquko zomlando. Encwadini yakhe edumile, iCommunist Manifesto(1848), eyabhalwa ngokubambisana noFriedrich Engels, uMarx wamemezela, “Umlando wawo wonke umphakathi okhona kuze kube manje umlando wemizabalazo yezigaba.” Kusukela emiphakathini yasendulo yezigqila kuya kweyamanje yonxiwankulu, umlando ulotshwe ukungqubuzana phakathi kwalabo abalawula izindlela zokukhiqiza kanye nalabo abaxhashazwa yibona.

UMarx waphikisa ngokuthi lo mzabalazo awunakugwenywa ngoba izintshisekelo zezigaba ezehlukene ziyaphikiswa. Onxiwankulu bafuna ukukhulisa inzuzo kanye nokulawula izinsiza, kanti iproletariat ifuna ukwenza ngcono izimo zayo ezibonakalayo kanye nokuvikela ukulingana kwezomnotho. Lokhu kuphikisana, ngokusho kukaMarx, kuzoxazululwa kuphela ngokuvukela umbuso kanye nokuqedwa kwempahla yomuntu siqu.

Ukugxeka Kwethiyori kaMarx Yomzabalazo Wekilasi

Nakuba ithiyori kaMarx yomzabalazo wezigaba ibe nomthelela omkhulu, nayo ibe yisihloko sokugxekwa okuningi, kusukela kusiko lobudlelandawonye kanye nangaphandle.

• IEconomic Determinism: Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi ukugcizelela kukaMarx ezicini zezomnotho njengezisusa eziyinhloko zoshintsho olungokomlando kuwukunquma ngokweqile. Nakuba izimo zezinto ezibonakalayo zibalulekile ngempela, ezinye izici, njengamasiko, inkolo, nenhlangano yomuntu ngamunye, nazo zinendima ebalulekile ekubumbeni imiphakathi.
• Ukuncishiswa: Ezinye izazi zithi ukugxila kukaMarx ekuphikiseni okubili phakathi konxiwankulu kanye neproletariat kwenza kube lula kakhulu inkimbinkimbi yezigaba zomphakathi kanye nobunikazi. Isibonelo, ubuhlanga, ubulili, ubuzwe, kanye nobuzwe nakho kuyizinkalo ezibalulekile zamandla nokungalingani uMarx angazange akhulume ngakho ngokwanele.
• Ukwehluleka KweziNguquko ZikaMarxist: Ekhulwini lama20, imibono kaMarx yagqugquzela izinguquko eziningi zezenhlalakahle, ikakhulukazi eRussia naseShayina. Nokho, lezi ziguquko ngokuvamile zaziholela emibusweni yobushiqela kunemiphakathi engenamakilasi, engenazwe uMarx ayeyicabanga. Abagxeki baphikisa ngokuthi uMarx wabukela phansiizinselelo zokuzuza isocialism yeqiniso futhi yehlulekile ukuphendula ngenkohlakalo engenzeka kanye nokulawulwa kwebureaucratic.

Ukuhambisana Komzabalazo Wekilasi Emhlabeni Wesimanjemanje

Nakuba uMarx abhala ngokwengqikithi yeindustrial capitalism yangekhulunyaka le19, inkolelombono yakhe yomzabalazo wezigaba isasebenza nanamuhla, ikakhulukazi esimeni sokukhula kokungalingani kwezomnotho kanye nokuqoqwa komcebo ezandleni zabantu abaphakeme bomhlaba.

Ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba, igebe phakathi kwabacebile nabampofu liyaqhubeka nokukhula. Nakuba isimo somsebenzi sesishintshile—ngenxa yokuzenzakalela, ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, kanye nokukhula komnotho wegig—abasebenzi basabhekene nezimo ezibucayi, amaholo aphansi, nokuxhashazwa. Izinhlangano eziningi zesimanje zabasebenzi zithatha imibono kaMarxist ukuze ikhulumele izimo zokusebenza ezingcono kanye nobulungiswa emphakathini.

Esikhathini sobunxiwankulu bomhlaba wonke, ukuguquguquka komzabalazo wezigaba kube nzima kakhulu. Izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kanye nezikhungo zezezimali zinamandla amakhulu, kuyilapho abasebenzi beya ngokuya behlanganiswa nembulunga yonke, nabasebenzi emazweni ahlukene abaxhunywe ngamaketango kanye nezimboni zamazwe ngamazwe. Ukuhlaziywa kukaMarx kokuthambekela konxiwankulu ekugxiliseni ingcebo nokusebenzisa abasebenzi kusewukugxeka okunamandla kokuhleleka komnotho womhlaba.

Ithiyori yeMarxist iyaqhubeka nokugqugquzela izinhlangano zezepolitiki emhlabeni wonke, ikakhulukazi ezifundeni lapho izinqubomgomo zezomnotho zeneoliberal ziholele ezinxushunxushwini nokungalingani. Kungakhathaliseki ukuthi kungenxa yokubiza amaholo aphezulu, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo emhlabeni wonke, noma ubulungisa bezemvelo, imizabalazo yamanje yokulingana kwezenhlalo nezomnotho ivamise ukwenanela ukugxeka kukaMarx konxiwankulu.

Ukuguqulwa Konxiwankulu kanye Nokucushwa Kwekilasi Elisha

Ubunxiwankulu buye baba nezinguquko ezibalulekile kusukela ngesikhathi sikaMarx, buye bathuthuka ngezigaba ezahlukahlukene: kusukela kunxiwankulu bezimboni zekhulunyaka le19, kuya kunxiwankulu obulawulwa wumbuso wekhulunyaka lama20, kuya kunxiwankulu lomhlaba weneoliberal wekhulunyaka lama21. Isigaba ngasinye silethe izinguquko ekubunjweni kwezigaba zomphakathi, ubudlelwano bokukhiqiza, kanye nesimo somzabalazo wezigaba.

Ezomnotho ezithuthukile zonxiwankulu, ukugudluka kusukela ekukhiqizeni izimboni kuya kwezomnotho ezisekelwe kumasevisi kuguqule ukwakheka kwesigaba sabasebenzi. Ngenkathi imisebenzi yezimboni yendabuko yehlile eNtshonalanga ngenxa yokukhishwa kwemisebenzi, ukuzenzela, kanye nokukhishwa kwezimboni, imisebenzi yomkhakha wezinsizakalo iye yanda. Lolu shintsho luye lwaholela ekuveleni kwalokho ezinye izazi ezikubiza ngokuthi “iprecariat”—isigaba senhlalo esibonakala ngokuqashwa okuyingozi, amaholo aphansi, ukuntuleka kokuvikeleka komsebenzi, kanye nezinzuzo ezincane.

Iprecariat, ehlukile kukho kokubili iproletariat yendabuko kanye nesigaba esimaphakathi, isendaweni esengozini ngaphakathi konxiwankulu besimanje. Laba basebenzi bavamise ukubhekana nezimo zokusebenza ezingazinzile emikhakheni efana nezokudayisa, ezokungenisa izihambi, nezomnotho wegig (isb., abashayeli berideshare, abasebenzi abazisebenzelayo. Ithiyori kaMarx yomzabalazo wezigaba isalokhu ibalulekile kulo mongo, njengoba iprecariaat ihlangabezana nezinhlobo ezifanayo zokuxhashazwa kanye nokucwaswa azichaza. Umnotho wegig, ikakhulukazi, uyisibonelo sendlela ubudlelwano bonxiwankulu buye bajwayela, lapho izinkampani zikhipha inani kubasebenzi kuyilapho zigwema ukuvikelwa kwabasebenzi okujwayelekile kanye nezibopho.

Eceleni konxiwankulu bendabuko, abangabanikazi bezinto zokukhiqiza, sekuvele isigaba esisha sabaphathi kunxiwankulu besimanje. Lesi sigaba sihlanganisa abaphathi bezinkampani, abaphathi abasezikhundleni eziphezulu, kanye nezingcweti eziphethe ukulawula okubalulekile kwansuku zonke kwamabhizinisi onxiwankulu kodwa akubona ngempela abanikazi bezindlela zokukhiqiza ngokwabo. Leli qembu lisebenza njengomxhumanisi phakathi kwesigaba sonxiwankulu kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi, lilawula ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi egameni labanikazi bezakhiwo.

Nakuba isigaba sabaphathi sijabulela amalungelo amakhulu kanye namaholo aphezulu kunesigaba sabasebenzi, sisalokhu singaphansi kwezidingo zesigaba sonxiwankulu. Kwezinye izimo, amalungu esigaba sabaphathi angase azihlanganise nabasebenzi ekukhuthazeni izimo ezingcono, kodwa ngokuvamile, athatha isinyathelo ukuze alondoloze inzuzo yamabhizinisi abawaphethe. Le ndima yokulamula idala ubudlelwano obuyinkimbinkimbi phakathi kwezinto ezithakaselwayo zekilasi, lapho isigaba sokuphatha singase sibe nakho kokubili ukuqondana nokungqubuzana nesigaba sabasebenzi.

Emnothweni wesimanje osekelwe olwazini, ingxenye entsha yabasebenzi abanamakhono aphezulu iye yavela, ngokuvamile ebizwa ngokuthi isigaba sokudala noma izisebenzi zolwazi. Laba basebenzi, okuhlanganisa onjiniyela besoftware, izifundiswa, abacwaningi, kanye nezingcweti emkhakheni wezobuchwepheshe bolwazi, banesikhundla esiyingqayizivele kucapi.uhlelo lwetalist. Baziswa kakhulu ngomsebenzi wabo wobuhlakani futhi bavame ukujabulela amaholo aphezulu kanye nokuzimela okungaphezu kwabasebenzi bekhola eluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka.

Kodwake, ngisho nabasebenzi bolwazi abagonyiwe enguqukweni yomzabalazo wezigaba. Abaningi babhekene nokungavikeleki kwemisebenzi, ikakhulukazi emikhakheni efana nezemfundo nobuchwepheshe, lapho izinkontileka zesikhashana, ukukhishwa kwemisebenzi, kanye nomnotho wegig uya udlame. Ukushesha kwezinguquko kwezobuchwepheshe kusho futhi ukuthi abasebenzi kule mikhakha bahlale becindezelwa ukuthi bathuthukise amakhono abo, okuholela emjikelezweni ongapheli wokuqeqeshwa nokufundiswa kabusha ukuze bahlale bekwazi ukuncintisana emakethe yezemisebenzi.

Naphezu kwesikhundla sabo esikhethekile, abasebenzi bolwazi basangaphansi kobudlelwane bokuxhaphaza bonxiwankulu, lapho umsebenzi wabo wenziwa inzuzo, futhi izithelo zemizamo yabo yobuhlakani ngokuvamile zitholwa izinkampani. Lokhu kuguquguquka kubonakala ikakhulukazi ezimbonini ezifana nobuchwepheshe, lapho iziqhwaga zobuchwepheshe zikhipha inzuzo enkulu emsebenzini wongqondongqondo wabathuthukisi bezinhlelo zesofthiwe, onjiniyela, nososayensi bedatha, kuyilapho abasebenzi ngokwabo ngokuvamile bengenalo izwi elincane mayelana nendlela umsebenzi wabo osetshenziswa ngayo.

Iqhaza Lombuso Emzabalazweni Wekilasi

UMarx wayekholelwa ukuthi umbuso usebenza njengethuluzi lokubusa kwesigaba, eliklanyelwe ukufeza izintshisekelo zesigaba esibusayo, ikakhulukazi onxiwankulu. Ubuke umbuso njengenhlangano ephoqelela ukubusa kwesigaba sonxiwankulu ngokusebenzisa izindlela zomthetho, ezempi, kanye nemibono. Lo mbono usalokhu uyilensi ebalulekile ekuqondeni indima yombuso kunxiwankulu besimanje, lapho izikhungo zombuso zivame ukwenza okuthile ukuze kugcinwe uhlelo lomnotho kanye nokucindezela uguquko.

Ngaphansi kweneoliberalism, indima yombuso emzabalazweni wezigaba ibe nezinguquko ezinkulu. INeoliberalism, inkolelombono yezomnotho ehamba phambili kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulunyaka lama20, ikhuthaza ukuhoxiswa kokulawulwa kwezimakethe, ukwenziwa kwangasese kwezinsizakalo zomphakathi, kanye nokwehliswa kokungenelela kombuso emnothweni. Nakuba lokhu kungase kubonakale kwehlisa indima yombuso emnothweni, empeleni, ineoliberalism isiguqule umbuso waba ithuluzi lokuthuthukisa izithakazelo zonxiwankulu kakhulu.

Umbuso weneoliberal udlala indima ebalulekile ekudaleni izimo ezivumayo zokuqongelelwa kwezimali ngokusebenzisa izinqubomgomo ezifana nokwehliswa kwentela kwabacebile, ukuvikela abasebenzi okubuthaka, kanye nokwenza lula ukuhamba kwemali yomhlaba wonke. Ezikhathini eziningi, umbuso uphoqelela izinyathelo zokunciphisa izindleko ezithinta ngokungafanele isigaba sabasebenzi, zinciphise izinsizakalo zikahulumeni kanye nezinhlelo zezenhlalakahle egameni lokunciphisa ukushoda kukahulumeni. Lezi zinqubomgomo zibhebhethekisa ukuhlukana ngokwezigaba futhi ziqinise umzabalazo wezigaba, njengoba abasebenzi bephoqeleka ukuthi bathwale kanzima ngenxa yezinkinga zomnotho kuyilapho onxiwankulu beqhubeka nokuqongelela ingcebo.

Ezikhathini zomzabalazo wezigaba eziqinile, umbuso uvame ukusebenzisa ingcindezelo eqondile ukuze uvikele izimfuno zesigaba sonxiwankulu. Le ngcindezelo ingathatha izindlela eziningi, okuhlanganisa ukucindezelwa okunodlame kweziteleka, imibhikisho, nezinhlangano zomphakathi. Ngokomlando, lokhu kuye kwabonakala emacaleni afana nodaba lukaHaymarket eU.S. (1886), ukucindezelwa kweParis Commune (1871), kanye nezibonelo zakamuva ezifana nodlame lwamaphoyisa olubhekiswe enhlanganweni Yellow Vest eFrance (2018–2020.

Iqhaza lombuso ekucindezeleni umzabalazo wezigaba azigcini ngodlame lomzimba. Ezimweni eziningi, umbuso usebenzisa amathuluzi emibono, njengemithombo yezindaba, izinhlelo zemfundo, kanye nenkulumoze, ukuze kunqandwe ukuqaphela isigaba nokukhuthaza imibono eyenza isimo sibe semthethweni. Ukuvezwa kweneoliberalism njengohlelo oludingekayo nolungenakugwenywa, isibonelo, lusebenza ukucindezela ukuphikiswa futhi luveza ubunxiwankulu njengowukuphela kwemodeli yezomnotho esebenzayo.

Ekhulwini lama20, ikakhulukazi ngemva kweMpi Yezwe II, imibuso eminingi yonxiwankulu yamukela izingxenye zezwe lezenhlalakahle, okwakuyingxenye yokusabela ezidingweni zabasebenzi abahlelekile kanye nesigaba sabasebenzi. Ukwandiswa kwezinhlelo zokuphepha komphakathi—njengomshwalense wokungasebenzi, ukunakekelwa kwezempilo komphakathi, kanye nezimpesheni—kwakuwukuvunyelwa kwesigaba sonxiwankulu ukuze kwehliswe ingcindezi yomzabalazo wezigaba futhi kuvinjwe izinhlangano zoguquko ukuthi zibe nomfutho.

Isimo senhlalakahle, nakuba singaphelele futhi ngokuvamile singenele, simele umzamo wokulamula ukungqubuzana kwezigaba ngokunikeza abasebenzi izinga elithile lokuvikeleka emiphumeleni enzima kakhulu yokuxhashazwa konxiwankulu. Kodwake, ukwanda kweneoliberalism sekuholele ekuhlakazweni kancane kancane kwemibandela eminingi yezenhlalakahle, okuqinisa ukungezwani kwezigaba ezingxenyeni eziningi zomhlaba.

IGlobal Capitalism, Imperialism, kanye Nomzabalazo Wesigaba

Emibhalweni yakhe yakamuva, ikakhulukazi leyo eyayithonywe inkolelombono kaLenin yeimperialism, ukuhlaziya kukaMarxist kwanweba umzabalazo wezigaba wafinyelela ezingeni lomhlaba wonke. Kuinkathi yokuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke, ukuguquguquka kokungqubuzana kwezigaba akusaphelele emingceleni yezwe. Ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi ezweni elilodwa kuxhumene kakhulu nezinqubomgomo zezomnotho kanye nezinqubo zezinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe kanye namandla amaimpiriyali kwezinye izifunda.

Ithiyori kaLenin yeimperialism njengesigaba esiphezulu sobunxiwankulu inikeza ukwelulwa okubalulekile kwemibono kaMarx, iphakamisa ukuthi uhlelo lonxiwankulu lomhlaba lubonakala ngokuxhashazwa kweGlobal South yiGlobal North. Ngobukoloniyali futhi kamuva nangezinqubo zezomnotho zeneocolonial, amazwe onxiwankulu acebile akhipha izinsiza kanye nabasebenzi abashibhile emazweni asathuthuka kancane, okubhebhethekisa ukungalingani komhlaba.

Lo mkhakha womhlaba wonke womzabalazo wezigaba uyaqhubeka esikhathini samanje, njengoba izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zithuthela umkhiqizo emazweni anezivikelo ezibuthakathaka zabasebenzi namaholo aphansi. Ukuxhashazwa kwabasebenzi kumasweatshops, izimboni zezingubo, nezimboni zokumba izinsiza eGlobal South kusebenza njengesibonelo esiqinile semvelo yamazwe ngamazwe yokungqubuzana kwezigaba. Yize abasebenzi baseGlobal North bengase bazuze emananini aphansi abathengi, uhlelo lonxiwankulu lomhlaba luqhubekisela phambili uhlobo lweimperialism yezomnotho eqinisa ukwehlukana kwezigaba emhlabeni jikelele.

Ukuhwebelana kwembulunga yonke kukhulise ukuncintisana phakathi kwabasebenzi emazweni ahlukene, okuholele kulokho abanye abakubiza ngokuthi umjaho obheke phansi. Njengoba izinkampani zamazwe ngamazwe zifuna ukukhulisa inzuzo, zixabanisa izisebenzi emazweni ahlukene ngokusabisa ngokuyisa umkhiqizo ezindaweni ezinezindleko eziphansi zomsebenzi. Lokhu kuguquguquka kwenza buthaka amandla okuxoxisana abasebenzi eGlobal North kanye naseGlobal South, njengoba bephoqeleka ukuthi bamukele amaholo aphansi kanye nezimo zokusebenza eziwohlokayo ukuze bahlale bencintisana.

Lo mjaho womhlaba wonke oya phansi ubhebhethekisa ukungezwani kwezigaba futhi ubukela phansi amandla obumbano lwamazwe ngamazwe phakathi kwabasebenzi. Umbono kaMarx weproletarian internationalism, lapho abasebenzi bomhlaba babuthana ngokumelene nabacindezeli babo bonxiwankulu, wenziwa nzima kakhulu ukuthuthukiswa okungalingani konxiwankulu kanye nokuhlangana okuyinkimbinkimbi kwezithakazelo zezwe nezomhlaba.

Ubuchwepheshe, Okuzenzakalelayo, kanye Nomzabalazo Wekilasi ekhulwini lama21

Ukuthuthuka okusheshayo kobuchwepheshe, ikakhulukazi iautomation and artificial intelligence (AI), ilungisa kabusha isimo somzabalazo wekilasi ngezindlela uMarx abengeke azibone kusengaphambili. Nakuba intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe inamandla okwandisa umkhiqizo futhi ithuthukise izinga lokuphila, iphinde ibe nezinselele ezinkulu kubasebenzi futhi yandise ukuhlukana kwezigaba okukhona.

Enye yezinto ezikhathazayo ezicindezela kakhulu kumongo wokuzenzakalela amandla okusabalalisa imisebenzi. Njengoba imishini namaalgorithms iba namandla kakhudlwana okwenza imisebenzi ngokuvamile eyenziwa abantu, izisebenzi eziningi, ikakhulukazi labo abasemisebenzini yamakhono aphansi noma ephindaphindwayo, babhekana nosongo lokudilizwa. Lesi simo, esivame ukubizwa ngokuthi ukuntuleka kwemisebenzi kwezobuchwepheshe, kungase kubangele ukuphazamiseka okukhulu emakethe yezabasebenzi futhi kuqinise umzabalazo wezigaba.

Ukuhlaziya kukaMarx kwezabasebenzi ngaphansi konxiwankulu kuphakamisa ukuthi intuthuko yezobuchwepheshe ivamise ukusetshenziswa ngonxiwankulu ukukhulisa umkhiqizo kanye nokunciphisa izindleko zabasebenzi, ngaleyo ndlela andise inzuzo. Kodwake, ukuxoshwa kwabasebenzi ngemishini nakho kudala ukungqubuzana okusha ngaphakathi kohlelo lonxiwankulu. Njengoba abasebenzi belahlekelwa yimisebenzi namandla abo okuthenga ehla, isidingo sezimpahla namasevisi singase sehle, okuholela ezinkingeni zomnotho zokukhiqiza ngokweqile.

Ngaphezu kokuzenzakalela, ukukhuphuka kweAI kanye nesurveillance capitalism kuveza izinselelo ezintsha esigabeni sabasebenzi. Isurveillance capitalism, igama eliqanjwe nguShoshana Zuboff, libhekisela enqubweni izinkampani eziqoqa ngayo idatha eningi ngokuziphatha komuntu futhi zisebenzise leyo datha ukuze zenze inzuzo. Lolu hlobo lwecapitalism luncike ekwenziweni kwemininingwane yomuntu siqu, ukuguqula imisebenzi yedijithali yomuntu ibe idatha ebalulekile engathengiselwa abakhangisi nezinye izinkampani.

Kubasebenzi, ukukhuphuka konxiwankulu bokugadwa kuphakamisa ukukhathazeka mayelana nobumfihlo, ukuzimela, namandla akhulayo amatech giants. Izinkampani zingasebenzisa idatha neAI ukuze ziqaphe ukukhiqiza kwabasebenzi, zilandele ukunyakaza kwazo, futhi zibikezele nokuziphatha kwazo, okuholela ezinhlotsheni ezintsha zokulawula nokuxhashazwa kwendawo yokusebenza. Lokhu okuguquguqukayo kwethula isici esisha emzabalazweni wekilasi, njengoba abasebenzi kufanele babhekane nezinselele zokusebenza endaweni lapho zonke izenzo zabo ziqashwe ngeso lokhozi futhi zamukeleka.

Ukunyakaza Kwesimanje kanye Nokuvuselelwa Komzabalazo Wekilasi

Eminyakeni yakamuva, kube nokuvela kabusha kokunyakaza okusekelwe ekilasini okudonsela kuMarxist pramainciples, ngisho noma engavezi ngokusobala njengeMarxist. Ukunyakaza kobulungiswa kwezomnotho, amalungelo abasebenzi, kanye nokulingana kwezenhlalakahle kudlondlobala emhlabeni wonke, okubonisa ukunganeliseki okukhulayo ngokungalingani okukhulayo kanye nemikhuba yokuxhaphaza yobungxiwankulu bomhlaba.

Inhlangano yeOccupy Wall Street, eyaqala ngo2011, yayiyisibonelo esivelele sokhukhulelangoqo wombhikisho owawugxile ezindabeni zokungalingani kwezomnotho nomzabalazo wezigaba. Le nhlangano ikhulise umqondo wokuthi ama99%, igqamisa umehluko omkhulu womcebo namandla phakathi kwabacebe ngo1% kanye nawo wonke umphakathi. Nakuba inhlangano yeOccupy ingazange ibe nomphumela woshintsho lwezepolitiki ngokushesha, iphumelele ukuletha izindaba zokungalingani kwezigaba phambili enkulumweni yomphakathi futhi yakhuthaza izinhlangano ezalandela ezimela ubulungisa kwezomnotho.

Imikhankaso yabasebenzi isaqhubeka nokuba yisizinda somzabalazo wesigaba samanje. Emazweni amaningi, abasebenzi baye bahlela iziteleka, imibhikisho nemikhankaso yokufuna amaholo angcono, izimo zokusebenza eziphephile kanye nelungelo lokuhlangana. Ukuqala kabusha kwezishoshovu zabasebenzi emikhakheni efana nokudla okusheshayo, ukudayisa, nokunakekelwa kwezempilo kukhombisa ukuqashelwa okukhulayo kokuxhashazwa okubhekene nabasebenzi abahola kancane emnothweni womhlaba.

Ukukhula kwezinyunyana ezintsha zabasebenzi kanye namadlelandawonye abasebenzi nakho kumelela inselelo ekuphathweni kwezimali. Lezi zinhlangano zifuna ukwenza intando yeningi endaweni yokusebenza ngokunikeza abasebenzi amandla amakhulu okulawula izimo zokusebenza kwabo kanye nokusabalalisa inzuzo.

Isiphetho: Ukukhuthazela Kwethiyori kaMarx Yomzabalazo Wekilasi

Ithiyori kaKarl Marx yomzabalazo wezigaba iseyithuluzi elinamandla lokuhlaziya ukuguquguquka kwemiphakathi yonxiwankulu kanye nokungalingani okuqhubekayo ekudalayo. Nakuba izinhlobo ezithile zokungqubuzana kwezigaba ziye zavela, ukuphikiswa okuyisisekelo phakathi kwalabo abalawula izindlela zokukhiqiza nalabo abathengisa umsebenzi wabo kuyaqhubeka. Kusukela ekukhuleni kweneoliberalism kanye nonxiwankulu bomhlaba kuya ezinseleleni ezilethwa iautomation kanye nesurveillance capitalism, umzabalazo wezigaba uyaqhubeka nokubumba izimpilo zezigidigidi zabantu emhlabeni jikelele.

Umbono kaMarx womphakathi ongenazigaba, lapho ukuxhashazwa kwezisebenzi kuqedwa futhi amandla omuntu efezeka ngokugcwele, kusewumgomo oqhelile. Nokho ukukhula kokunganeliseki ngokungalingani kwezomnotho, ukuqubuka kabusha kwezinhlangano zabasebenzi, kanye nokwanda kokuqwashisa ngezindleko zemvelo nenhlalo yobunxiwankulu kuphakamisa ukuthi umzabalazo wezwe elinobulungisa nelinobulungiswa usekude ukuphela.

Kulo mongo, ukuhlaziya kukaMarx kokungqubuzana kwezigaba kuyaqhubeka nokunikeza imininingwane ebalulekile mayelana nemvelo yomphakathi wonxiwankulu kanye namathuba oshintsho lwezenhlalo olushintshayo. Uma nje ubungxiwankulu buqhubeka, kanjalo nomzabalazo phakathi kwenkunzi nezisebenzi, okwenza umbono kaMarx womzabalazo wezigaba ube obalulekile namuhla njengoba wawunjalo ekhulwini le19.